National Ocean Economics Program
Non-Market - Non-Market Value Estimates for the United States
The following summaries of valuation estimates have been compiled from the NOEP Non-Market bibliography database and may be used to begin researching values. Most of the included studies are linked to the relevent papers found in the database. Those without links are references from studies in the database, which are not currently available for review.
The value estimates summaries are organized by activity and asset:
| Coastal Beach Value Estimates for the United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Author and Date | Consumer Surplus/Activity Day | Study Methodology | |
| Far-Western U.S. | |||
| Hawaii | Moncur, 1975 | $1.60 - $6.25 | TC |
| Western Continental U.S. | |||
| California | Dornbusch et al., 1986 | $11.99 | TC |
| California | Dornbusch et al., 1987 | $14.85 - $15.81 /trip | TC |
| California | Leeworthy et al., 1990 | $1.72 - $8.04 | CVM (four beaches) |
| California | Leeworthy and Wiley, 1993 | $12.19, $27.43, $77.61 | TC (three beaches) |
| California | King, 2001 King, 2001 |
$25.78 - $33.72 /household/day | TC (during high season) |
| California | Lew and Larson, 2005 | $11.13/trip | TC, RUM |
| Gulf-shore Southern U.S. | |||
| Florida (both coasts) | USACE, 1981 | $3.69/trip | TC |
| Florida (both coasts) | Curtis and Shows, 1982 | $4.48/trip | CVM |
| Florida (both coasts) | Curtis and Shows, 1984 | $8.56/trip | CVM |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell, 1986 | $3.12 | CVM |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell and Leeworthy, 1986 | $2.46(residents) - $2.73(tourists) | CVM |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell and Leeworthy, 1986 | $19.23(residents) - $55.11(tourists) | TC |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell and Leeworthy, 1990 | $63.74 | TC (tourists; Saltwater Beach use) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell, 1992 | $2.99 | CVM (tourists) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell and Leeworthy, 1990 | $73.84 | TC (Saltwater Beach use) |
| Florida (both coasts) | USACE, 1993 | $3.24/trip | TC |
| Florida (both coasts) | Leeworthy and Wiley, 1994 | $22.28-$25.18 and $83.62-$92.67 | TC (two beaches) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Leeworthy and Bowker, 1997 | $95.85 (winter) - $120.74 (summer) | TC (beach use; non-residents) |
| Southeastern U.S. | |||
| North Carolina | Bin et al., 2004 revised 2005 | $11.98 - $84.49 (mean) | TC, RUM |
| Northeastern U.S. | |||
| Delaware | Parsons et al., 1999 | $0.07 - $12.70/trip* | TC, RUM (6 beaches) |
| Maine | Huang and Poor, 2004 | $3.61 /household /day* | CVM, DC (conjoint, fees) |
| Maryland | Parsons et al., 1999 | $0.07 - $12.70/trip* | TC, RUM (6 beaches) |
| Massachusetts | Hanemann, 1978 | $1.04 | TC |
| Massachusetts | Binkley and Hanemann, 1978 | $7.29 /household/trip | CVM |
| Massachusetts | Meta Systems, 1985 | $20.32 | TC (Boston beaches) |
| Massachusetts | McConnell, 1992 | $1.05 - $1.70 | TC |
| Massachusetts | Kline and Swallow, 1998 | $5.36 | CVM, DC (fees) |
| New Hampshire | Huang and Poor, 2004 | $3.61 /household /day* | CVM, DC (conjoint, fees) |
| New Jersey | Leeworthy and Wiley, 1991 | $31.45 | TC |
| New Jersey | Parsons et al., 1999 | $0.07 - $12.70/trip* | TC, RUM (6 beaches) |
| Rhode Island | McConnell, 1977 | $1.42 - $6.43 | CVM (6 beaches) |
| Rhode Island | McConnell and Weaver, 1977 | $5.74 | CVM (working paper) |
| Coastal States for which no estimates are available do not appear in this Table. | |||
| Consumer Surplus values for one Activity Day unless otherwise noted. | |||
| TC = Travel Cost Method; RUM = Random Utility Model; CVM = Contingent Valuation Method | |||
| * Indicates loss due to beach closure | |||
| Coastal Recreational Fishing Value Estimates for the United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Author and Date | Consumer Surplus/ Activity Day | Study Methodology | |
| Far-Western U.S. | |||
| Alaska | Jones and Stokes, 1987 | $4.60 - $33.90 /trip | TC, RUM (secondary data only; private boat, rental boat and shore, Halibut, King Salmon, Silver Salmon, other species) |
| Alaska | Wegge et al., 1988 | $69.94/trip | RUM (secondary data only) |
| Alaska | Hausman et al., 1995 | $188.02/trip | TC (residents) |
| Alaska | Hamel et al., 2000 | $99.39 | TC, CVM (residents; Salmon, Halibut from private boat) |
| Alaska | Hamel et al., 2000 | $119.62 | TC, CVM (residents and non-residents; Salmon, Halibut from private boat) |
| Alaska | Hamel et al., 2000 | $146.14 | TC, CVM (non-residents; Salmon, Halibut from charter boat) |
| Western Continental U.S. | |||
| California | Huppert and Thomson, 1984 | $33.54/trip | TC (both residents and non-resident; travel valued at 1/3 wage rate) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $16.21 | TC (shore fishing; boat owner) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $29.57 | TC (shore fishing; non-boat owner) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $44.33/trip | CVM (charter boat; Pacific Mackerel, Kelp Bass, Rockfish) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $24.33 - $43.34 (trips < or = 1 day) | TC, (charter boat; boat owner; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $30.04 - $96.53 (trips < or = 1 day) | TC, (charter boat; non boat owner; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $29.55 | CVM (private boat, rental; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $14.78 | CVM (private boat, shore fishing; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $59.10 | CVM (private boat; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $35.30 | TC (private boat; owner; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Wegge et al., 1986 | $29.10 | TC (private boat; non-owner; residents and non-residents) |
| California | Huppert, 1989 | $110.41, $242.54, $535.76 / trip | TC, (residents; Salmon, Halibut; boat and shore) |
| California | Kling and Herriges, 1995 | $10.84 - $21.35 /undefined period | Unknown methodology (Shore fishing; residents) |
| California | Kling and Herriges, 1995 | $27.46-$44.45 /undefined period | Unknown methodology (Off-shore fishing; residents) |
| Oregon | Row, R, 1985 | $116.07/trip | TC and RUM (secondary data only) |
| Washington | Cruthfield and Schelle, 1978 | $55.48 | CVM (secondary data only) |
| Washington | Row, R, 1985 | $100.52/trip | TC and RUM (secondary data only) |
| Gulf-shore Southern U.S. | |||
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell et al., 1982 | $82.90 | CVM (Residents) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Bell et al., 1982 | $61.86 - $77.00 | CVM (Non-Residents) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Leeworthy, 1990 | $81.33/trip | TC (secondary data only) |
| Florida (both coasts) | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $113.03-$135.86 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| Florida (Gulf coast) | Bell, F.W., 1997 | $66.70 | TC (Residential Status Not Specified) |
| Florida (East coast) | Bell, F.W., 1997 | $100.64 | TC (Residential Status Not Specified) |
| Texas | Downing and Ozuna, 1996 | $60.23-$407.29/trip | CVM (Residents) |
| Southeastern U.S. | |||
| Georgia | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $66.06-$70.12 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| North Carolina | Norton et al., 1983 | $277.15/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only) |
| North Carolina | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $111.23-$114.81 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| South Carolina | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $113.03-$114.44 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| South Carolina | Bockstael et al., 1986 | $97.92 | CVM (secondary data only) |
| Virginia | Norton et al., 1983 | $93.99/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only; boat and shore) |
| Virginia | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $64.01-$77.48 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| Northeastern U.S. | |||
| Connecticut | Norton et al., 1983 | $207.26/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only) |
| Delaware | Norton et al., 1983 | $407.29/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only; shore fishing) |
| Delaware | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $17.07-$18.51 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| Maine | Norton et al., 1983 | $207.26/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only) |
| Maryland | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $44.67-$45.73 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| Massachusetts | Norton et al., 1983 | $207.26/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only) |
| New Hampshire | Norton et al., 1983 | $207.26/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only) |
| New Jersey | Norton et al., 1983 | $407.29/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only; shore fishing) |
| New Jersey | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $54.03-$56.95 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| New York | Norton et al., 1983 | $407.29/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only; shore fishing) |
| New York | McConnell & Strand, 1994 | $96.35-$98.31 | TC and RUM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| Rhode Island | Norton et al., 1983 | $207.26/trip | TC (residents; secondary data only) |
| DE, FL, GA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, SC, VA | McConnell et al., 1993 | $215.85 | CVM (non-residents; secondary data only) |
| Coastal States for which no estimates are available do not appear in this Table. | |||
| Consumer Surplus values for one Activity Day unless otherwise noted. | |||
| TC = Travel Cost Method; RUM = Random Utility Model; CVM = Contingent Valuation Method | |||
| Coastal and Marine Wildlife Viewing Value Estimates for the United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Author and Date | Consumer Surplus/ Activity Day | Study Methodology | |
| Far-Western U.S. | |||
| Alaska | McCollum and Miller, 1994 in Colt 2001 | Seabirds: $133 - $240 Whales: $208 - $228 |
Unreported |
| Western Continental U.S. | |||
| California | Hall et al., 2002 | $6.78/family visit | CVM (tidepool visits) |
| Gulf-shore Southern U.S. | |||
| Florida (both coasts) | Leeworthy and Bowker, 1997 | $108.35 | TC (Florida Keys) |
| Northeastern U.S. | |||
| New York | Johnston et al., 2002 | $63.80 | TC |
| New England (whale watching) | Hoagland and Meeks, 2000 | $62.50 - $70.40 | TC | Coastal States for which no estimates are available do not appear in this Table. |
| Consumer Surplus values for one Activity Day unless otherwise noted. | |||
| TC = Travel Cost Method; RUM = Random Utility Model; CVM = Contingent Valuation Method | |||
| Coastal Scuba Diving Value Estimate for the United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Author and Date | Consumer Surplus/ Activity Day | Study Methodology | |
| United States | |||
| All US National Parks | Kaval and Loomis, 2003 | $34.25 | |
| Western Continental U.S. | |||
| California | Leeworthy and Wiley, 2002 | $13.78 | (Benefit transfer, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties) |
| California | Leeworthy and Wiley, 2002 | $41.35 - $42.95 | (Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary) |
| California | Pendleton 2005 | $110/day | Ship diving on the Yukon |
| Pacific Coast | Kaval and Loomis, 2003 | $55.66 | |
| Gulf-shore Southern U.S. | |||
| Gulf of Mexico | Roberts et al., 1985 | $350.49/year/diver | CV (petroleum structures) |
| Gulf of Mexico | Stoll and Ditton, 2002 | $121.20/trip | (secondary source; artificial reef) |
| Gulf of Mexico | Stoll and Ditton, 2002 | $157.20/trip | (secondary source; natural reef) |
| Florida | Milon, 1988 | $30.02 - $44.22/year/diver | CV (fishing and diving on 7 artificial reefs) |
| Florida | Milon, 1989 | $4.63 - $131.88/year/diver | CV (fishing and diving on ships and steel debris) |
| Florida | Bell et al., 1998 | $11.36 | TC (ships, reef balls, other structures) |
| Florida | Bell et al., 1998 | $3.62 - $4.40(residents); $6.51 - $7.96(visitors) | CV (ships, reef balls, other structures) |
| Florida | Leeworthy et al., 2001 | $4.02(residents) - $16.16(non-residents) | (artificial reef) |
| Florida | Johns et al., 2003 | $3.52(residents) - $14.47(visitors) | CV (maintain existing artificial reefs) |
| Texas | Ditton and Baker, 1999 | $49.53 - $83.48 | CV (diving on artificial reefs) |
| Texas | Ditton et al., 2001 | $46.52 | CV (diving on artificial reefs) |
| Northeastern U.S. | |||
| Northeast Region | Kaval and Loomis, 2003 | $18.96 | |
| Coastal States for which no estimates are available do not appear in this Table. | |||
| Consumer Surplus values for one Activity Day unless otherwise noted. | |||
| TC = Travel Cost Method; RUM = Random Utility Model; CVM = Contingent Valuation Method | |||
| Literature Review of Coastal Snorkeling Studies for the United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Author and Date | Consumer Surplus/ Activity Day | Study Methodology | |
| United States | |||
| All US National Parks | Kaval and Loomis, 2003 | 32.08 | (resident and non-resident) |
| Western Continental U.S. | |||
| Pacific Coast | Kaval and Loomis, 2003 | $31.58 | |
| Gulf-shore Southern U.S. | |||
| Florida (both coasts) | Leeworthy and Bowker, 1997 | $118.96 | (resident and non-resident) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Leeworthy et al., 2001 | $3.02(resident) - $8.37(non-resident) | (artificial reef) |
| Florida (both coasts) | Park et al., 2002 | $130.59/trip | (resident and non-resident) |
updated 8-Oct-2007